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The Prince of Transylvania ((ドイツ語:Fürst von Siebenbürgen),〔Fallenbüchl 1988, p. 77.〕 (ハンガリー語:erdélyi fejedelem),〔 (ラテン語:princeps Transsylvaniae). (ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():principele Transilvaniei))〔 was the head of state of the Principality of Transylvania from the last decades of the 16th century until the middle of the 18th century. John Sigismund Zápolya was the first to adopt the title in 1570, but its use only became stable from 1576. ==Origins== The integration of Transylvania into the newly established Kingdom of Hungary began around 1003.〔Georgescu 1991, pp. 15-16.〕〔Pop 1999, pp. 40-41.〕 The province became subject to intensive colonization,〔Georgescu 1991, p. 16.〕 leading to the arrival and settlement of colonists of diverse origin, including the Hungarian-speaking Székelys and the Ethnic Germans.〔Makkai 1994, pp. 178-183.〕 The territory of Transylvania was divided for administrative purposes into territorial units called "counties" and "seats".〔Pop 1999, pp. 53-54.〕 The seven Transylvanian counties (Doboka/Dăbâca, Fehér/Alba, Hunyad/Hundedoara, Kolozs/Cluj, Küküllő/Târnava, Szolnok/Solnoc, and Torda/Turda) were institutions primarily run by local noblemen.〔Pop 1999, p. 53.〕 However, their heads or ''ispáns''〔Makkai 1994, p. 207.〕 were subject to the authority of a higher official, the ''voivode'' who was appointed by the kings of Hungary.〔Pop 1999, pp. 50., 50-53.〕 The Voivode of Transylvania had a number of administrative, military and judicial responsibilities.〔Pop 1999, p. 50.〕 For instance, joint general assemblies of the seven counties were convoked and headed by the voivode or his deputy, customarily at Torda/Turda.〔 These assemblies primarily functioned as courts-of-justice,〔Pop 2005, p. 230.〕 but judges for the counties were also elected by them.〔 Instead of counties, the Transylvanian Saxon community was primarily organized into seats and districts.〔Pop 2005, p. 233.〕 They were independent of the authority of the voivodes.〔Pop 1999, p. 42.〕 In 1469, King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary authorized all Saxons' seats to elect their own heads.〔Makkai 1994, p. 235.〕 Seven years later, the same monarch set up the "Saxon University" unifying all Saxon seats and districts in Transylvania, which was headed by the elected major of Hermannstadt (Nagyszeben, Sibiu).〔 Initially, the Székelys were likewise independent of the authority of the voivodes, since they were led by their own count, an official appointed by the sovereign.〔 Although the Saxons and the Székelys endeavoured to preserve their direct connection to the monarchs, "the first institutional contacts between the nobility, the Székelys and the Saxons were established through the voivode" from the early 14th century.〔Makkai 1994, p. 223.〕 For instance, the representatives of the Saxons and the Székelys were often present at the general assemblies of the noblemen headed by the voivodes.〔 Furthermore, voivodes were also appointed Count of the Székelys by the monarch from the middle of the 15th century, thus the two offices were united by custom.〔Bán 1989, p. 169.〕 In contrast with the representatives of the noblemen, the Saxons and the Székelys, Romanian ''cneazes'' were only twice (in 1291 and in 1355) invited to the general assemblies.〔 The leaders of the noblemen from the seven counties, the Saxons, and the Székelys formed an alliance against "all internal and external threat to the province"〔Makkai 1994, p. 226.〕 in the days of the Budai Nagy Antal Revolt in 1437.〔Georgescu 1991, p. 41.〕 This formal alliance of the "Three Nations of Transylvania" was confirmed in 1459, aimed primarily against Michael Szilágyi, the regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary.〔Makkai 1994, p. 228.〕 During the rebellion of peasants led by György Dózsa in 1514, Voivode John Zápolya convoked the assembly of the Three Nations.〔Makkai 1994, p. 238.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Prince of Transylvania」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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